Sources and verification

Sources consulted

• Laws of Duplicate Bridge (2017) (new tab) (World Bridge Federation (WBF)): Rules: bidding, play of the cards, revoke, scoring, vulnerability.
• Teaching Beginners (in French) (new tab) (WBF, World Bridge Academy): Teaching progression.
• Discover bridge (new tab) (French Bridge Federation (FFB)): Introduction to the game, SEF, clubs and lessons.
• Learn (new tab) (American Contract Bridge League (ACBL)): Learning, SAYC.

Links checked on October 29, 2026. The federations remain the reference for any question of rulings.

How the examples are verified

Every deal and every example hand is checked by a program before the site is published:

• 52 distinct cards, 13 per player;
• dealer and vulnerability consistent with the board number;
• legal bidding, with the contract and declarer derived from the bidding, and the opening leader to the declarer's left;
• cards played are in the right hand, and the obligation to follow suit is respected;
• HCP, shapes, scores and percentages recalculated;
• "open cards" tricks calculated by the solver in the Bridge hors ligne app.

Recommendations that depend on a bidding system or on hidden cards are presented as such, separate from certain facts. Found a mistake? Write to us through the contact page.